FPGA implementations for parallel multidimensional filtering algorithms

PhD ThesisOne and multi dimensional raw data collections introduce noise and artifacts, which need to be recovered from degradations by an automated filtering system before, further machine analysis. The need for automating wide-ranged filtering applications necessitates the design of generic filtering architectures, together with the development of multidimensional and extensive convolution operators. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the problem of automated construction of a generic parallel filtering system. Serving this goal, performance-efficient FPGA implementation architectures are developed to realize parallel one/multi-dimensional filtering algorithms. The proposed generic architectures provide a mechanism for fast FPGA prototyping of high performance computations to obtain efficiently implemented performance indices of area, speed, dynamic power, throughput and computation rates, as a complete package. These parallel filtering algorithms and their automated generic architectures tackle the major bottlenecks and limitations of existing multiprocessor systems in wordlength, input data segmentation, boundary conditions as well as inter-processor communications, in order to support high data throughput real-time applications of low-power architectures using a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA board. For one-dimensional raw signal filtering case, mathematical model and architectural development of the generalized parallel 1-D filtering algorithms are presented using the 1-D block filtering method. Five generic architectures are implemented on a Virtex-6 ML605 board, evaluated and compared. A complete set of results on area, speed, power, throughput and computation rates are obtained and discussed as performance indices for the 1-D convolution architectures. A successful application of parallel 1-D cross-correlation is demonstrated. For two dimensional greyscale/colour image processing cases, new parallel 2-D/3-D filtering algorithms are presented and mathematically modelled using input decimation and output image reconstruction by interpolation. Ten generic architectures are implemented on the Virtex-6 ML605 board, evaluated and compared. Key results on area, speed, power, throughput and computation rate are obtained and discussed as performance indices for the 2-D convolution architectures. 2-D image reconfigurable processors are developed and implemented using single, dual and quad MAC FIR units. 3-D Colour image processors are devised to act as 3-D colour filtering engines. A 2-D cross-correlator parallel engine is successfully developed as a parallel 2-D matched filtering algorithm for locating any MRI slice within a MRI data stack library. Twelve 3-D MRI filtering operators are plugged in and adapted to be suitable for biomedical imaging, including 3-D edge operators and 3-D noise smoothing operators. Since three dimensional greyscale/colour volumetric image applications are computationally intensive, a new parallel 3-D/4-D filtering algorithm is presented and mathematically modelled using volumetric data image segmentation by decimation and output reconstruction by interpolation, after simultaneously and independently performing 3-D filtering. Eight generic architectures are developed and implemented on the Virtex-6 board, including 3-D spatial and FFT convolution architectures. Fourteen 3-D MRI filtering operators are plugged and adapted for this particular biomedical imaging application, including 3-D edge operators and 3-D noise smoothing operators. Three successful applications are presented in 4-D colour MRI (fMRI) filtering processors, k-space MRI volume data filter and 3-D cross-correlator.IRAQI Government

Correlation Between the Estimated and the Measured Serum Apolipoprotein –B100 in Kurd Subjects: A Trend to Establish a New Formula

Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) provides a good assessment of atherogenic lipoproteins (very low, intermediate, and low-density lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, and LDL)). There is evidence that polymorphism of ApoB100 was observed in many conditions and it links with obesity, diabetes mellitus hypertension, and chronic inflammation, which could be related to the broad field of the atherothrombotic process, and could be one of the leading causes of coronary artery disease (CAD). It can be computed using a formula that makes use of a measurement of non-high-density lipoprotein levels. This study aimed to derive an estimated equation of ApoB100 from the measured ApoB100 levels specific to the healthy subjects of Kurd race/ethnicity in the Kurdistan region of Iraq taking into consideration the gender-based effect and the status of fasting and postprandial effects. A total number of 45 healthy subjects (23 males and 22 females) were enrolled in the study. The following measurements were achieved: anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid profile, including ApoB100, and blood sugar. The biochemical measurements were carried out at fasting and postprandial states. Specific equations were derived for calculating the levels of ApoB100. Significant differences in the anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and lipid profile were observed between males and females. The calculated ApoB100 levels were significantly less than the measured ApoB100 levels in both genders and fasting and postprandial states. The estimated equations for ApoB100 for females have differed from that for males at fasting and postprandial states. The levels of ApoB100 can be determined instead of measuring it in the laboratory by using a specific equation for healthy Kurd people. These equations are gender and race/ethnicity based. The established equation of estimated ApoB100 levels in males differed from that in females which is attributed to the cardio-metabolic factors and higher levels of systolic and mean arterial blood pressures among males. Apo B level is a quantitative index of plasma atherogenic lipids in hypertensive patients who presented with dyslipidemia

CNT-based tapered optical fiber for ethanol remote sensing over 3-km optical fiber

Certain organic liquids like ethanol in water are considered hazardous and have an enormous environmental impact since it is toxic and classified as class I flammable liquids. Remote sensing with complex sensors is a common technique for detecting and tracking spillages of hazardous spillages. Most of the applied remote sensing methods suffer from location and control issues that force the user to be at the exact sensing spot during operation. The present work introduces a simple and highly sensitive tapered multimode optical fiber (TMOF) sensor coated with carbon nanotubes (CNT) for flammable liquids remote sensing applications. The new proposed sensor ability to transfer signals to a remote data collection center of about 3 km from the sensor location was investigated. Ethanol was utilized as the index solution to be tested in the present work. The proposed sensor was attached to 3 km multimode silica optical fiber and characterized towards different concentrations of ethanol in de-ionized water at room temperature. Various characterization techniques have investigated the detailed structural properties of the sensing layer. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed remote sensor exhibits rapid response with recovery times of 8.7 s and 18 s, respectively, and relative absorbance of 26% upon exposure to 100% ethanol. The sensor attains an overall sensitivity of 1.3/vol% towards low ethanol concentrations in water (0.01–0.5%). Besides, the optical sensor manifests outstanding repeatability when exposed to another cycle of ethanol with concentrations of 20% and 40% in de-ionized water. The proposed optical remote sensor's superior performance via low cost and simple techniques indicates its high efficiency for ethanol detection in various industrial applications

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Measurement of the double-differential inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe inclusive jet cross section is measured as a function of jet transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ and rapidity $y$. The measurement is performed using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb$^{-1}$. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-$k_\mathrm{T}$ algorithm using a distance parameter of $R$ = 0.4, within the rapidity interval $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2, and across the kinematic range 0.06 $\lt$$p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 1 TeV. The jet cross section is unfolded from detector to particle level using the determined jet response and resolution. The results are compared to predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, calculated at both next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order. The predictions are corrected for nonperturbative effects, and presented for a variety of parton distribution functions and choices of the renormalization/factorization scales and the strong coupling $\alpha_\mathrm{S}$

Search for stealth supersymmetry in final states with two photons, jets, and low missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe results of a search for stealth supersymmetry in final states with two photons and jets, targeting a phase space region with low missing transverse momentum ($p_\text{T}^\text{miss}$), are reported. The study is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. As LHC results continue to constrain the parameter space of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, the low $p_\text{T}^\text{miss}$ regime is increasingly valuable to explore. To estimate the backgrounds due to standard model processes in such events, we apply corrections derived from simulation to an estimate based on a control selection in data. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified stealth supersymmetry models with gluino and squark pair production. The observed data are consistent with the standard model predictions, and gluino (squark) masses of up to 2150 (1850) GeV are excluded at the 95% confidence level

Search for narrow trijet resonances in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe first search for narrow resonances decaying to three well-separated hadronic jets is presented. The search uses proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$ at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV, collected at the CERN LHC. No significant deviations from the background predictions are observed between 1.75-9.00 TeV. The results provide the first mass limits on a right-handed boson Z$_{\mathrm{R}}$ decaying to three gluons, an excited quark decaying via a vector boson to three quarks, as well as updated limits on a Kaluza-Klein gluon decaying via a radion to three gluons

Observation of WWγ\gamma production and search for Hγ\gamma production in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe observation of WW$\gamma$ production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$ is presented. The observed (expected) significance is 5.6 (4.7) standard deviations. Events are selected by requiring exactly two leptons (one electron and one muon) of opposite charge, moderate missing transverse momentum, and a photon. The measured fiducial cross section for WW$\gamma$ is 6.0 $\pm$ 0.8 (stat) $\pm$ 0.7 (syst) $\pm$ 0.6 (modeling) fb, in agreement with the next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics prediction. The analysis is extended with a search for the associated production of the Higgs boson and a photon, which is generated by a coupling of the Higgs boson to light quarks. The result is used to constrain the Higgs boson couplings to light quarks

Search for direct production of GeV-scale resonances decaying to a pair of muons in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA search for direct production of low-mass dimuon resonances is performed using $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment during the 2017-2018 operation of the CERN LHC with an integrated luminosity of 96.6 fb$^{-1}$. The search exploits a dedicated high-rate trigger stream that records events with two muons with transverse momenta as low as 3 GeV but does not include the full event information. The search is performed by looking for narrow peaks in the dimuon mass spectrum in the ranges of 1.1-2.6 GeV and 4.2-7.9 GeV. No significant excess of events above the expectation from the standard model background is observed. Model-independent limits on production rates of dimuon resonances within the experimental fiducial acceptance are set. Competitive or world's best limits are set at 90% confidence level for a minimal dark photon model and for a scenario with two Higgs doublets and an extra complex scalar singlet (2HDM+S). Values of the squared kinetic mixing coefficient $\varepsilon^2$ in the dark photon model above 10$^{-6}$ are excluded over most of the mass range of the search. In the 2HDM+S, values of the mixing angle $\sin(\theta_\text{H})$ above 0.08 are excluded over most of the mass range of the search with a fixed ratio of the Higgs doublets vacuum expectation $\tan\beta$ = 0.5

Observation of WWγ\gamma production and search for Hγ\gamma production in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe observation of WW$\gamma$ production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$ is presented. The observed (expected) significance is 5.6 (4.7) standard deviations. Events are selected by requiring exactly two leptons (one electron and one muon) of opposite charge, moderate missing transverse momentum, and a photon. The measured fiducial cross section for WW$\gamma$ is 6.0 $\pm$ 0.8 (stat) $\pm$ 0.7 (syst) $\pm$ 0.6 (modeling) fb, in agreement with the next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics prediction. The analysis is extended with a search for the associated production of the Higgs boson and a photon, which is generated by a coupling of the Higgs boson to light quarks. The result is used to constrain the Higgs boson couplings to light quarks